Reactivación viral como biomarcador de la fatiga patológica
Publicado: 17 Ago 2016, 17:25
Un interesantísimo estudio, aunque no específico para el SFC, ha encontrado que la reactivación de los herpesvirus HHV-6 y HHV-7 en saliva puede marcar la diferencia entre la fatiga fisiológica (la que se recupera con descanso) de la fatiga patológica presente en enfermedades como el Síndrome de Fatiga Crónica, la Depresión Mayor o la Apnea del sueño. Concretament, la NO reactivación viral por efecto del esfuerzo. Al parecer, en los controles sanos, se produce una reactivación viral con el ejercicio, que no se produce en personas con enfermedades que causan fatiga patológica. Por lo visto, estos dos virus (sus niveles) ya se utilizan en otras enfermedades como biomarcadores, concretamente, el HHV-6 se usa en el cáncer, para monitorear los daños cognitivos y las reacciones adversas a la quimioterapia, mientras que el HHV-7 se utiliza para la fatiga en la fase final de la enfermedad renal.
Bien... si no sirve para diagnosticar el SFC, sí que podría servir para demostrar que la fatiga que sentimos es patológica, cosa que podría servir de cara a los tribunales médicos (o cuando denunciemos a la SS). Y todo ello, con un simple escupitajo y una prueba de esfuerzo... si no lo comprueban es porque no quieren, está claro.
[t]Human herpesvirus 6 and 7 are biomarkers for fatigue, which distinguish between physiological fatigue and pathological fatigue[/t]
Ryo Aokia, Nobuyuki Kobayashib, Go Suzukic, Hirohiko Kuratsuned, e, Kazuya Shimadab, Naomi Okab, Mayumi Takahashib, Wataru Yamaderaa, Masayuki Iwashitaa, Shinichi Tokunof, Masashi Nibuyag, Masaaki Tanichig, Yasuo Mukaih, Keiji Mitanii, Kazuhiro Kondob, Hiroshi Itoa, Kazuhiko Nakayamaa
Abstract
Fatigue reduces productivity and is a risk factor for lifestyle diseases and mental disorders. Everyone experiences physiological fatigue and recovers with rest. Pathological fatigue, however, greatly reduces quality of life and requires therapeutic interventions. It is therefore necessary to distinguish between the two but there has been no biomarker for this. We report on the measurement of salivary human herpesvirus (HHV-) 6 and HHV-7 as biomarkers for quantifying physiological fatigue. They increased with military training and work and rapidly decreased with rest. Our results suggested that macrophage activation and differentiation were necessary for virus reactivation. However, HHV-6 and HHV-7 did not increase in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and major depressive disorder (MDD), which are thought to cause pathological fatigue. Thus, HHV-6 and HHV-7 would be useful biomarkers for distinguishing between physiological and pathological fatigue. Our findings suggest a fundamentally new approach to evaluating fatigue and preventing fatigue-related diseases.
4. Discussion
We examined salivary HHV-6 and HHV-7 amounts due to training in JSDF personnel. Since VAS fatigue scores increased during training, we considered it provided sufficient physiological fatigue loading (Fig. 1A). Salivary HHV-6 and HHV-7 DNA amounts increased with training and decreased with rest (Fig. 1 B and C), suggesting usefulness as biomarkers of physiological fatigue. HHV-6 DNA amounts quickly returned to the original levels with rest suggesting that changes in HHV-7 DNA levels were more closely matched to those in subjective fatigue.
To explore a mechanism for virus reactivation, we examined fatigue-induced changes in mouse spleens, in whose abundant macrophages latent virus infection is established [13]. There was an increase in IL-1β but not IL-6, and CD14 and CD16 expressions increased in myeloid cells. Also, it was reported that physiological fatigue, such as from exercise, induces inflammatory cytokines in humans [30]. Inflammatory cytokines are involved in HHV-6 reactivation [14], myeloid cell differentiation is important in cytomegalovirus reactivation [31] and cytomegalovirus is similar to HHV-6 and HHV-7 in nature. This suggests that a fatigue-induced increase in IL-1β leads to macrophage activation and differentiation, which in turn causes reactivation of HHV-6 and HHV-7.
To determine whether salivary HHV-6 and HHV-7 DNA amounts could also be biomarkers for pathological fatigue, we measured them in OSAS, CFS and MDD. There were no increases as compared with NCs (Fig. 3A and B). In OSAS and CFS, the HHV-7 DNA amount was actually less than in NCs (Fig. 3B), probably due to reduced physical activity. Disease severity was not correlated with HHV-6 and HHV-7 DNA amounts (Fig. 3 C–H).
However, in NCs, HHV-6 and HHV-7 DNA amounts were correlated with working time (Fig. 3A and B), suggesting that HHV-6 and HHV-7 are reactivated by physiological fatigue but not pathological fatigue.
In OSAS, an increase in IL-6 was reported, but no increase in IL-1β [32]. Various studies have examined associations between inflammatory cytokines and CFS [33]. In severe CFS, there was no increase in IL-1β or IL-6 [34]. For MDD, similar to OSAS, IL-6 increased but not IL-1β [35]. The lack of an increase in IL-1β with pathological fatigue was considered a reason that it did not reactivate the viruses.
Thus, salivary HHV-6 and HHV-7 were thought to be sensitive biomarkers for physiological fatigue since they were not reactivated by pathological fatigue. By distinguishing between the 2 types, they could assist in the diagnosis of patients with fatigue and deciding on their treatment. Furthermore, HHV-6 and HHV-7 assessment would be more useful in preventing overwork than methods relying on subjective feeling of fatigue, which can be masked by motivation and incentives [7]. Also, saliva samples are easy to collect and quantify for HHV-6 and HHV-7 in the primary care setting.
Our findings should be helpful in the objective evaluation of fatigue and answering remaining questions in fatigue science.
As a limitation, for comparisons between NC and OSAS, CFS and MDD, subjects were not matched regarding age and gender due to gender differences in disease prevalence and variation in ages of susceptibility. However, as patterns of salivary HHV-6 and HHV-7 were similar in OSAS, CFS and MDD, the influence of this was probably small.
Salivary HHV-6 and HHV-7 were shown to be useful objective biomarkers for physiological fatigue. As they were not reactivated by pathological fatigue, they could distinguish the 2 types of fatigue.
enlace al estudio completo: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar ... 1X16311251" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;
Bien... si no sirve para diagnosticar el SFC, sí que podría servir para demostrar que la fatiga que sentimos es patológica, cosa que podría servir de cara a los tribunales médicos (o cuando denunciemos a la SS). Y todo ello, con un simple escupitajo y una prueba de esfuerzo... si no lo comprueban es porque no quieren, está claro.
[t]Human herpesvirus 6 and 7 are biomarkers for fatigue, which distinguish between physiological fatigue and pathological fatigue[/t]
Ryo Aokia, Nobuyuki Kobayashib, Go Suzukic, Hirohiko Kuratsuned, e, Kazuya Shimadab, Naomi Okab, Mayumi Takahashib, Wataru Yamaderaa, Masayuki Iwashitaa, Shinichi Tokunof, Masashi Nibuyag, Masaaki Tanichig, Yasuo Mukaih, Keiji Mitanii, Kazuhiro Kondob, Hiroshi Itoa, Kazuhiko Nakayamaa
Abstract
Fatigue reduces productivity and is a risk factor for lifestyle diseases and mental disorders. Everyone experiences physiological fatigue and recovers with rest. Pathological fatigue, however, greatly reduces quality of life and requires therapeutic interventions. It is therefore necessary to distinguish between the two but there has been no biomarker for this. We report on the measurement of salivary human herpesvirus (HHV-) 6 and HHV-7 as biomarkers for quantifying physiological fatigue. They increased with military training and work and rapidly decreased with rest. Our results suggested that macrophage activation and differentiation were necessary for virus reactivation. However, HHV-6 and HHV-7 did not increase in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and major depressive disorder (MDD), which are thought to cause pathological fatigue. Thus, HHV-6 and HHV-7 would be useful biomarkers for distinguishing between physiological and pathological fatigue. Our findings suggest a fundamentally new approach to evaluating fatigue and preventing fatigue-related diseases.
4. Discussion
We examined salivary HHV-6 and HHV-7 amounts due to training in JSDF personnel. Since VAS fatigue scores increased during training, we considered it provided sufficient physiological fatigue loading (Fig. 1A). Salivary HHV-6 and HHV-7 DNA amounts increased with training and decreased with rest (Fig. 1 B and C), suggesting usefulness as biomarkers of physiological fatigue. HHV-6 DNA amounts quickly returned to the original levels with rest suggesting that changes in HHV-7 DNA levels were more closely matched to those in subjective fatigue.
To explore a mechanism for virus reactivation, we examined fatigue-induced changes in mouse spleens, in whose abundant macrophages latent virus infection is established [13]. There was an increase in IL-1β but not IL-6, and CD14 and CD16 expressions increased in myeloid cells. Also, it was reported that physiological fatigue, such as from exercise, induces inflammatory cytokines in humans [30]. Inflammatory cytokines are involved in HHV-6 reactivation [14], myeloid cell differentiation is important in cytomegalovirus reactivation [31] and cytomegalovirus is similar to HHV-6 and HHV-7 in nature. This suggests that a fatigue-induced increase in IL-1β leads to macrophage activation and differentiation, which in turn causes reactivation of HHV-6 and HHV-7.
To determine whether salivary HHV-6 and HHV-7 DNA amounts could also be biomarkers for pathological fatigue, we measured them in OSAS, CFS and MDD. There were no increases as compared with NCs (Fig. 3A and B). In OSAS and CFS, the HHV-7 DNA amount was actually less than in NCs (Fig. 3B), probably due to reduced physical activity. Disease severity was not correlated with HHV-6 and HHV-7 DNA amounts (Fig. 3 C–H).
However, in NCs, HHV-6 and HHV-7 DNA amounts were correlated with working time (Fig. 3A and B), suggesting that HHV-6 and HHV-7 are reactivated by physiological fatigue but not pathological fatigue.
In OSAS, an increase in IL-6 was reported, but no increase in IL-1β [32]. Various studies have examined associations between inflammatory cytokines and CFS [33]. In severe CFS, there was no increase in IL-1β or IL-6 [34]. For MDD, similar to OSAS, IL-6 increased but not IL-1β [35]. The lack of an increase in IL-1β with pathological fatigue was considered a reason that it did not reactivate the viruses.
Thus, salivary HHV-6 and HHV-7 were thought to be sensitive biomarkers for physiological fatigue since they were not reactivated by pathological fatigue. By distinguishing between the 2 types, they could assist in the diagnosis of patients with fatigue and deciding on their treatment. Furthermore, HHV-6 and HHV-7 assessment would be more useful in preventing overwork than methods relying on subjective feeling of fatigue, which can be masked by motivation and incentives [7]. Also, saliva samples are easy to collect and quantify for HHV-6 and HHV-7 in the primary care setting.
Our findings should be helpful in the objective evaluation of fatigue and answering remaining questions in fatigue science.
As a limitation, for comparisons between NC and OSAS, CFS and MDD, subjects were not matched regarding age and gender due to gender differences in disease prevalence and variation in ages of susceptibility. However, as patterns of salivary HHV-6 and HHV-7 were similar in OSAS, CFS and MDD, the influence of this was probably small.
Salivary HHV-6 and HHV-7 were shown to be useful objective biomarkers for physiological fatigue. As they were not reactivated by pathological fatigue, they could distinguish the 2 types of fatigue.
enlace al estudio completo: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar ... 1X16311251" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;